A through ball splits your two defenders. Their striker will reach it before you can, about 20 metres out, with one defender chasing. You are on your line.
From the line you give the striker time to pick a spot and the whole goal to aim at. A shot from ten metres is nearly impossible to stop. The longer you wait, the more of the goal they can see.
The ball was out of the striker's feet, so that was your moment to close the gap. Close fast, arrive slow: by the time they had control you were set, low and big, and the goal behind you had shrunk. Their next touch was yours to smother.
Coming out was right, but you went to ground before the striker had decided anything. One touch around you and the goal is empty. Stay on your feet until the ball is within reach, and make them choose first.
Practise it with Close The Door.